Basics of O.S

Basics of O.S

An operating system is a control program. A control program manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. It is especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O devices.

An operating system as a resource allocator. A computer system has many resources that may be required to solve a problem:

Mobile operating systems often include not only a core kernel but also middleware : a set of software frameworks that provide additional services to application developers. 

Middleware 

A typical operating system provides an application programming interface (API) for programs to utilize underlying hardware features. Middleware, however, provides an API for utilizing underlying operating system features.

Middleware is a software layer placed between applications and operating systems.

Bootstrap (Basic of O.S)

When it is powered up or rebooted—it needs to have an initial program to run. This initial program, or bootstrap program, tends to be simple. Typically, it is stored within the computer hardware in read-only memory (ROM)

The bootstrap program must know how to load the operating system and how to start executing that system. To accomplish this goal, the bootstrap program must locate the operating-system kernel and load it into memory.

Once the kernel is loaded and executing, it can start providing services to the system and its users.

Ad hoc networking technology

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Ad hoc networking technology

With the increased number of lightweight devices as well as evolution in wireless communication, the ad hoc networking technology is gaining effort with the increasing number of widespread applications. Ad hoc networking can be used anytime, anywhere with limited or no communication infrastructure. The ad hoc network architecture can be used in real time business applications, corporate companies to increase the productivity and profit. The wireless communications technology is holding much importance in the recent era. The complicated wired network is not possible to fulfil the requirement of the network users and also the traditional network systems are very expensive and more complicated. In this new phase of technologies and standards, the new wireless communication devices are available such as Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association (IrDA) and HomeRF. This is particularly true within the past decade which has seen wireless networks being adapted to enable mobility. There are currently two variations of mobile wireless networks. The first is known as infrastructure networks, i.e., those networks with fixed and wired gateways. The bridges for these networks are known as base stations. A mobile unit within these networks connects to and communicates with, the nearest base station that is within its communication radius. The second type of mobile wireless network is the infrastructure less mobile network, commonly known as a mobile ad hoc network (MANET).